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Optical Lenses   are the optical components that make up the basic building blocks of many common optical devices, including cameras, binoculars, microscopes and telescopes. Lenses are essentially light control elements and are therefore used for light gathering and imaging. Curved mirrors and lenses can accomplish many of the same things in terms of light collection and image formation. However, lenses tend to be superior for imaging because they are transparent, which allows light to be transmitted directly along the axis to the detector, whereas mirrors require off-axis geometry.  Mirrors  are often preferred for light gathering because they can be manufactured to be much lighter than lenses, thus allowing for larger diameters and light gathering capabilities. This section discusses the refraction mechanisms that form the basis of lens operation, the issues that affect their performance, and the different lens types. Refraction In addition to light reflected from a flat interface be

Slurry is one of the most challenging fluids to work with. It is highly abrasive, viscous, sometimes corrosive, and contains a high concentration of solids. So operating a  slurry pump  correctly can have a significant impact on long-term performance. Slurry Pumps Have the Following Characteristics. Abrasive material. Thick consistency. May contain large amounts of solids. Usually settles down quickly. Requires more power to operate than "water" pumps.     Here Are Four Tips That Every Pump Operator Should Know when Using a Slurry Pump. 1. A Simple Way to Avoid Cavitation. Do you hear a popping sound when your mud pump is running? If it sounds like popcorn, you'll hear steam chamber implosions - they're as destructive as they are noisy. These tiny cavities form when the absolute pressure at the impeller eye reaches the vapor pressure of the liquid. Their continuous bursting can cause costly damage to your impellers and bearings. Avoiding cavitation is easy if you have

For most homeowners, having a  heat pump ​ running constantly can be confusing. This is because most people are usually unsure if this should be happening. So, is it normal for your heat pump to run constantly or should you be worried?  Should My Heat Pump Run All the Time? Most  Swimming Pool Heat Pump  will run continuously during cold weather. This means that it is normal for your heat pump to run continuously during the winter when the temperature is equal to or below 30 degrees.   The Main Reasons Why Heat Pumps Run Continuously Your Thermostat is Not Set Properly Setting your thermostat too high in the winter or too low in the summer may cause it to run constantly as it tries to keep up with the temperature you set. Make sure the emergency heat mode is not set as well. Setting your thermostat incorrectly or realizing that someone has set it to an incorrect setting may cause you problems. Your Air Filter Needs to Be Cleaned In order for a heat pump to operate efficiently, it needs

Pin gauges  are round bars with specific dimensions made of white steel, tool steel, ceramic,  tungsten bearing steel , etc. or other materials with high hardness. It is suitable for the measurement of hole diameter, hole distance and small diameter of internal thread in mechanical and electronic processing, especially suitable for the measurement of bending groove width and mold size. Ke used to check the position, measure the size of the hole, check the distance between the two holes, can also be used to pass the stop gauge and measure the depth of the hole with, is the standardization of the hole inspection of the necessary inspection tool, with the international advanced laser detector inspection workpiece. And widely used in electronic boards, circuit boards, molds, precision machinery manufacturing and other fields of various high-precision technology.   Precautions Before Use Clean the gauge with gasoline or use a clean cloth to wipe off rust prevention oil and dirt before use.

The right   industrial blender   or blending bin has high product quality and enhanced quality control, while keeping production costs to a minimum. They are mainly used in the food industry, chemical industry and other industries. They play a pivotal role in the production of industrial and consumer goods (e.g. food, pharmaceuticals, etc.).   Bin blenders   are the most popular as the machine usually handles the production of tablets and capsules.   Standard functions    The right hopper blenders should produce an excellent mixture of powders or granules. Unlike older versions of mixers such as cubic blenders, biconicals and V-blenders, hopper blenders are designed so that you can remove the container after the mixing process is complete. The container is then transported to the next operating process without discharging the contents into another container. Essentially, this additional feature complicates the granulation line by eliminating the need for additional transport containers

  Many people are confused about the difference between vertical and horizontal injection molding machines.   The two types of injection molding machines have different advantages. But they also have their drawbacks. Both can be used in a variety of industries, including toys, household appliances and electronic equipment.   To choose the right one for your business, you need to know more details about them in advance. That's why we've prepared this article for all those who want to know more about these two types of machines! What is the difference between vertical and horizontal injection molding machines? The main difference between vertical and horizontal injection molding is the configuration and movement of the mold. In  vertical injection molding , the closing action occurs vertically with up and down movement. The injection mechanism and the clamping mechanism are on the same vertical centerline, and the mold opens and closes in the up-and-down direction. The clamping m

    Check valves are the most basic form of directional valve. In their simplest form, a check valve has the singular task of allowing flow in one direction while blocking flow from returning in the opposite direction. These valves are not only simple in their operation but also simple in their construction. An inexpensive version requires little more than a steel ball inside of a housing. From an application standpoint, the  check valve  offers three primary roles  —  directional control, protection and pilot control. As a directional control component, the check valve may be used in a circuit with two discrete sub-circuits, such as an unloading circuit. A fixed displacement pump may be used to operate closed center valves, at which point an unloading valve is used to prevent wasted energy as flow exhausts through the relief valve. The check valve is installed between the pilot operated relief valve and the downstream circuit. The pilot for the relief valve picks up downstream of the

   A   drill collar   is a device used in the drilling of oil wells for weighting the drill bit, enabling it to drill through rock. It is a bar made of solid steel, either plain carbon steel or a non-magnetic steel alloy, drilled lengthwise to permit the passage of drilling fluids. A drill collar forms the lowest element of a drill string, which encompasses all the elements of a down-hole process from the surface to the rock bit. ​ These devices are typically 31 feet (about 9.45 m) long and threaded at both ends, male at one end and female at the other, to allow multiple drill collars to be joined above the bit assembly. The number of drill collars attached to a drill string will depend upon the material composition of the strata at the drill site and the likely depth of the well. A relatively shallow well with less dense geologic structure through which the bit must pass will require fewer drill collars than a deep shaft through dense material. Typically, drill collars will be consist